Online Scientific Journal

Modern problems of science and education. Surgery

ISSN 2686-9101

INTRODUCTION.

In recent years, clinicians have widely adopted systems for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring prostate cancer (PC). This has lowered the age of patients diagnosed with primary PC and increased the proportion of those with localized PC [1]. The Russian National Cancer Care Report states that in 2016, 56% of PC patients had Stage I or II, cf. 37.6% in 2006 [1]. Blood serum is tested for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for diagnosis and monitoring [2]. This is an undoubtedly efficient screening and monitoring method. However, various researchers have shown that only 25% of men who have the gray-zone concentration of serum PSA (4 to 10 ng/ml) have PC; 70% to 80% biopsies turn out to be unnecessary [3]. It should be noted that PSA is an organ-specific substance rather than a cancer-specific marker. PSA levels may increase above the reference values when the prostate is exposed to interventions: massage, surgery, biopsy, acute urinary retention, or ultrasound; or when there are benign or inflammatory processes [4].

Estimating the expression of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) in the prostate tissue shows promise as a diagnostic technique. PCA3 hyperexpression is strictly specific to PC and its metastases; it is not typical of benign processes [5]. Exosomes are present in mRNA and are involved in cell communications, which is why they have been involved in genetic tests since 2007 [6]. Tumor cells produce more exosomes than non-tumor ones. Exosomes have been proven involved in the formation of pre-metastatic niches, as well as in remodeling the tumor microenvironment [7]. Search for new biological media for non-invasive quantification of PCA3 expression in patients will enhance cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

The goal hereof was to estimate PCA3 expression in urine sediments and exosomes to improve the prognosis of early recurrence in localized PC patients having undergone radical surgical treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was carried out by the Center for Urology, Nephrology, and Hemodialysis of the Anatomic Pathology Unit, Rostov Regional Hospital No. 2, in 2015-2017.

The study protocol followed guidelines for experimental investigation with human subjects in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient (or an official representative) before the study.

The inclusion criteria were: (1) localized PC (T1c-T2c);

(2) radical prostatectomy (RPE) performed in patients; (3) no distant metastases. Surgical biopsy samples taken from 148 patients with localized PC (T1c–T2cN0M0) were tested histologically. Patients of the general clinical group were aged 54 to 79, 65.6±2.5 on average. The breakdown by stage was as follows: cT1c in 9/148 (6.1%), cT2a in 20/148 (13.5%), cT2b in 43/148 (29%), cT2c in 76/148 (51.4%). The Gleason score was ≤6 in 9/148 (6.1%), 7 in 137/148 (92.6%) and 8 to 10 in 2/148 (1.3%) patients.

Histologically, PC was adenocarcinoma in all patients.

Upon entry and then every 3 months after RPE, patients’ blood serum was tested for PSA by immunoassay using a Multiscan-P 2 photometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Finland). Biochemical recurrence (BR) was diagnosed if PSA exceeded 0.2 ng/ml of blood in three consecutive samples spaced by a fortnight or more.

For genetic testing, the first step of preparing the samples was to collect 70 ml of urine after prostate massage (pressing each lobe thrice). Once collected, 20 ml of urine was centrifuged over 15 minutes at 3,000 rpm; the supernatant was further removed, and the sediment was resuspended and sampled in an Eppendorf tube, 1.5 ml a sample. The remaining urine was preserved by adding 1 ml of the RNA Medium (InterLabService LLC, Russia). To extract exosomes, 50 ml of the post-massage sample was centrifuged over 15 minutes at 10,000 rpm; the resulting supernatant was centrifuged over 3 hours at 100,000 rpm. The sediment was washed by adding 3 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and then settled by short centrifuging. Exosomes were further resuspended in 200 µl of PBS.

Total RNA was released by the sorbent method using an AmpliPrime RIBO-sorb set (NextBio, Russia) in full compliance with the manufacturer’s guidelines. The samples were treated with DNase (6 Kunitz units) over 40 minutes at room temperature in an appropriate buffer (reagents from Applied Biosystems, USA) to remove genomic DNA.

Reverse transcription was performed using a High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA). To produce cDNA on the RNA matrix, random oligonucleotides were annealed, which spent 40 µl of the kit; the procedure was performed as instructed by the manufacturer’s manual. PCA3 expression in urine sediment and exosomes was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). The research team compared the threshold cycles Ct for the studied gene and for a reference one. The reference was the human kallikrein gene KLK3, which features prostate-specific expression. The reaction mixture contained 1.0 µl of the cDNA sampled from the urine sediment or exosome, 8.0 µl of deionized water, 1.0 µl of the reaction-ready mixture of primers and TaqMan probe, 10.0 µl of a concentrated buffer solution with polymerase per the manufacturer’s manual. The temperature parameters were as follows: denaturation at 95 °C over 10 minutes, then 47 15-second cycles at 95 °C, then 1 minute at 60 °C for detection.

Real-time PCR used ready-made KLK3 primers (assay ID Hs02576345_m1, Applied Biosystems, FAM), PCA3 (assay ID Hs01371939_g1, Applied Biosystems, FAM), as well as TaqMan probes with dyes and minor groove binders, MGB. Urine samples were tested if KLK3 expression was detected at Ct of up to 45 cycles. The gene was amplified thrice in each sample to calculate the averaged Ct.

Real-time PCR used a Bio-Rad CFX96 thermocycler (Bio-Rad, USA) and specialized software (Bio-Rad CFX Manager ver. 2.1). ΔCt = Ct(PCA3) – Ct(KLK3) was calculated as the value of PCA3 expression.

For statistical processing, the researchers used Statistica 12 (StatSoft, USA): descriptive statistics and frequency analysis module, as well as crosstabulation tables. They calculated the median, the 25th percentile, and the 75th percentile. The intergroup difference in quantitative readings was estimated by the Mann-Whitney test at p≤0.05. Differences in lobes were assessed by χ2. The researchers used ROC analysis.

RESULTS

PC may recur within months or years after conservative or radical treatment (which comprises surgery). Recurrence can be local, systemic, or biochemical, which only manifests itself as an increased serum PSA level. Thirty (20.3%) of 148 examined patients were found to have biochemical recurrence within two years after RPE. Literature suggests that five-year post-RPE BR rates range from 15% to 30% in PC patients [4]. Thus, this study showcased trends consistent with earlier epidemiological data. The preoperative results of genetic tests were analyzed in retrospect in the context of two-year recurrence history and BR development, see Table 1.

Table 1.

Treatment group and control patients: Prostate-specific antigen concentration in serum and PCA3 expression in urine sediment and exosomes as a function of recurrence

Note: p* stands for confidence probability of intergroup difference (with vs without BR).

Regardless of the BR course, PC patients did not differ significantly in the median and interquartile range of pre-surgery PSA, p=0.19, see Table 1.

The median and interquartile range of ΔCt for PCA3 were similar in the two subgroups (as split by the course of the disease) to those of the reference gene KLK3 in urine sediment, and did not differ significantly (p=0.75), see Table 1. The studied gene had a negative mean ΔCt with respect to the reference gene, a sign of higher expression of the former.

Meanwhile, urine exosomes of the recurrent patients had higher PCA3 mRNA compared to their non-recurrent counterparts (p=0.04). Median ΔCt PCA3–KLK3 in urine exosomes was -2.37 initially in the BR patients, -0.95 for the rest, see Table 1. A lower ΔCt indicated a higher level of the mRNA of the analyzed PCA3 as compared to the reference KLK3 in urine exosomes. A higher PCA3 expression in urine exosomes was associated with the subsequent BR. The research team ran frequency analysis and crosstabulation to study the association of these processes in detail, see Table 2.

Table 2

Number of PC patients with different PCA3 expression levels in urine sediment and exosomes with a breakdown by BR

Note: p* is the confidence probability for Δ2 in multiple comparisons.

Thus, urine sediment ΔCt PCA3–KLK3 reduction to below 1.86 (which Apolikhin et al. [8] state is the differential point that separates PC and benign hyperplasia) was more frequent (83% vs. 45%, p=0.008). Therefore, comparing PCA3 expression in urine sediment is informative when it comes to evaluating the tumor recurrence risk.

Since Apolikhin et al. [8] proposed urine exosome ΔCt PCA3–KLK3 = 1.48 as the threshold for concluding PC development risk when differentiating it from benign processes, the authors used ROC analysis to further find such Ct threshold that would effectively isolate patients at a high risk of recurrence. ROC analysis identified the separation threshold of ΔCt PCA3 – KLK3 ≤ -2.9. That is, if a prostate adenocarcinoma patient had ΔCtPCA3–KLK3 of -2.9 or below in urine exosomes, a high risk of BR with 24 months of RPE could be expected at a diagnostic sensitivity of 90% and a diagnostic specificity of 86%. There were 10% false negatives and 14% false positives. The overall diagnostic effectiveness of quantifying urine exosome PCA3 expression to predict early post-PRE BR was 87%. The area under ROC was 0.896±0.0007 (p<0.0001), suggesting that the method was highly informative.

For urine sediment, the Ct threshold that separated patients at a high risk of recurrence was -0.51. That is, if a prostate adenocarcinoma patient had ΔCtPCA3–KLK3 of -0.51 or below in urine sediments, a high risk of BR with 24 months of RPE could be expected at a diagnostic sensitivity of 87% and a diagnostic specificity of 85%. There were 13% false negatives and 15% false positives. The overall diagnostic effectiveness of quantifying urine sediment PCA3 expression to predict early post-PRE BR was 85%. The area under ROC was 0.802±0.0004 (p<0.0001), suggesting that the method was highly informative.

Detecting PC recurrence by monitoring the serum PSA levels in lab tests is a common clinical practice. However, serum-only PSA tests result in overdiagnosing PC progression in 1.7% to 67% of all cases [4]. Despite the developed tactics and additional strategies for monitoring postoperative PSA levels in the serum of PC patients, which include adjustments for age, PSA level growth and doubling rates, marker isoforms, and PSA “density” [2], a wide range of biochemical and molecular genetic markers in various biological fluids and tissues must be tested for more accurate prediction of postoperative disease course.

The results of this research into PCA3 expression are in line with the data of other authors that analyzed the expression of PCA3 and that of other genes of prostate-specific expression in whole urine, urine sediment, and urine exosomes [5; 8]. The authors underlined the informativeness of testing these biological fluids for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant prostate tumors. Apolikhin et al. [6] proposed estimating PCA3 expression in urine sediment and exosomes as a promising test for PC diagnosis. Applying this method improved early PC detection while avoiding unnecessary biopsies. Continuing the development of a non-invasive PC patient monitoring system, the authors hereof estimated PCA3 expression in urine sediment and exosomes sampled from BR and non-recurrent PC patients before surgery. This approach helped assess the prognostic value of estimating PCA3 expression in urine sediment and exosomes to evaluate the early recurrence risks before surgery. The research effort identified urine sediment and exosome PCA3 expression levels, exceeding which could indicate a risk of early disease progression. Thus, the key finding is that estimating PCA3 expression in urine sediment and exosomes is informative for predicting BR within two years of RPE, albeit with some constraints.

CONCLUSIONS

1. PCA3 expression in post-massage urine sediment and exosomes sampled from localized-PC patients has a higher prognostic value for predicting post-RPE BR risks than serum PSA.
2. A higher PCA3 expression is associated with a higher risk of BR within two years of RPE. Evaluating the risk of localized PC progression by PCA3 expression as found by real-time polymerase chain reaction has a diagnostic effectiveness of 85% for urine sediment, 87% for urine exosomes.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND SPONSORSHIP
Nil.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest